Table 4 Outcomes of leadership interventions grouped into cognitive skills, interpersonal skills, business skills, and strategic skills

Cognitive skills

• (Situation) monitoring

Nicksa, 2015 [54]; Lee, 2021 [51]

• Situation awareness

Yule, 2015 [64]; Al-Jundi, 2016 [33]; Ahmed, 2019 [32]; Gostlow, 2017 [40]; Doumouras, 2017 [38]; Nicksa, 2015 [54])

• Attention to the strengths and weaknesses of colleagues

Vitous, 2019 [62]

• Self-awareness

Pradarelli, 2016 [57]

• Self-empowerment

Pradarelli, 2016 [57]

Interpersonal skills

• Communication

Dominguez, 2021 [37]; Yule, 2015 [64]; Nurudeen, 2015 [55]; Lee, 2021 [51]; Ahmed, 2019 [32]; Nicksa, 2015 [54]; Al-Jundi, 2016 [33]; GOSTLOW, 2017 [40]; Doumouras, 2017 [38]; Hu, 2020 [45]; Pena, 2015 [56]

• Teamwork

Yule, 2015 [64]; Nicksa, 2015 [54]; Gostlow, 2017 [40]

• Listening skills

Vitous, 2019 [62]

• Team-building skills

Pradarelli, 2016 [57]

• Ability to delegate

Vitous, 2019 [62]

• Encouraging behaviour

Gregory, 2018 [42]

• Leadership

Pena, 2015 [56]; Yule, 2015 [64]; Lee, 2021 [51]; Nicksa, 2015 [54]; Doumouras, 2017 [38]

• Participatory approach

Vitous, 2019 [62]

Business skills

• Culture of diversity

Vitous, 2019 [62]

• Career advancement/progression/development/choice

Kaderli, 2015 [49]; Kawase, 2016 [50]; Lee et al., 2020 [52]; Sinclair, 2015 [59]; Cochran, 2019 [36]; Brook, 2020 [35], Hart 2020 [43]; Stephens, 2018 [61]

• Professionalism

Nurudeen, 2015 [55]

• Resource utilisation

Doumouras, 2017 [38]

Strategic skills

• Coordination

Lee, 2021 [51]

• Decision-making

Yule, 2015 [64]; Hill, 2018 [44]; Ahmed, 2019 [32]; Nicksa, 2015 [54]

• Problem solving

Nicksa, 2015 [54]

• Coping with pressure

Gostlow, 2017 [40]