Table 3 Characteristics of included participants and LTC homes
| Â | Â | Individual participant characteristics | LTC home characteristics | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study | Year | Profession | Number | Age Mean (SD) | Sex % female | Sampling technique | Response rate | n of homes | n of residents in home | Ownership | Rurality |
Phipps et al. [36] | 2019 | Partners from health protection, primary care, pharmacy, local authority, National Health Service | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Abraham et al. [37] | 2019 | Nursing home leaders, nominated key nurses, randomly selected nursing staff, relatives, legal guardians, home advisory board | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 120 | Varied | NR | NR |
Villarosa et al. [38] | 2018 | Residential aged care staff | 12 | 38 (15.5) | 91.7% | Purposeful | NR | 2 | NR | Rural | Community-owned, not-for-profit |
Huhtinen et al. [39] | 2018 | Registered nurses, director of nursing, facility manager, chief executive officer | 28 | NR | NR | Convenience | 46% | 28 | Varied (41 to > 100 residents) | Urban | 61% non-profit, 39% privately owned |
Nilsen et al. [40] | 2018 | Nursing home managers | 22 | 54 (SD not reported) | 100% | Convenience | 100% | 22 | Varied (32 to 110 staff) | NR | NR |
DuBeau et al. [41] | 2007 | Nursing home staff (administrator, nursing director, nursing assistants, nurse practitioners, nursing consultants, medical staff) and surveyors | 500 | NR | NR | Convenience | 85% | NR | 68.6% were < 100 residents | 58% rural | 50% for profit, 37% not for profit, 12% government run |
Birney et al. [42] | 2016 | Registered nurses, licensed practical nurses, health care aides, pharmacists, and facility managers/directors, care manager, best practice lead | 18 | NR | NR | Purposeful | NR | 4 | 50–221 residents | 75% urban | 75% public |
Fallon et al. [43] | 2016 | Facility staff and managers | NR | NR | NR | Convenience | NR | 2 | 40–71 resident | Urban | Publicly funded |
Baert et al. [44] | 2016 | LTC home administrators | Qual = 24 Quant = 127 | Qual = males 49 (7), females 43 (11) Quant = males 50 (7), females 44 (8) | Qual = 46% Quant = 47% | Multistage stratified random | Qual—not reported; Quant—127/761 | NR | NR | Urban and rural | Public and private |
Alamri et al. [45] | 2015 | Medical director, director of care, administrator, consultant pharmacist, food services director, and other medical, nursing, and rehabilitation representatives | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 12 | Mean 114 (SD 57.0) residents | Urban and rural | 92% for profit |
Kaasalainen et al. [46] | 2014 | Clinical nursing specialist and nursing practitioners | 28 | NR | 82% | Purposeful | NR | 2 | 110–130 residents | NR | 50% for profit |
Vikstrom et al. [47] | 2015 | Nurse aides, registered nurses, physical and occupational therapists, managers | 200 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 1 | 200 residents | Suburban | NR |
Strachan et al. [48] | 2014 | Registered nurses, registered practical nurses, nurse practitioners | 33 | NR | NR | Convenience | NR | 4 | 96–251 residents | Both | Public and private, profit and not for profit |
Lim et al. [49] | 2014 | Registered nurses, general practitioners, pharmacists | 61 | Nurses—70.3% (> 40) GPs—10% (> 40) Pharmacists—66.7% (> 40) | 78.7% | Purposive and snowball | NR | 12 | NR | NR | NR |
Dellefield et al. [50] | 2014 | Registered nurses, licensed vocational nurses, nurses’ assistants | 16 | 50 (SD not reported) | 88% | Purposeful stratified | 64% | 2 | NR | NR | NR |
Berta et al. [28] | 2013 | Directors of care | 392 | NR | NR | Purposeful | 72% | 392 | 33% large (> 150 residents) | 76% urban | 43% chain owned, 19% not for profit |
Bamford et al. [51] | 2012 | Cooks, managers, care staff | 43 | NR | NR | Maximum variation purposeful | NR | 5 | 25–40 residents | Small towns and villages | Publicly funded |
Kaasalainen et al. [52] | 2012 | Licensed nurses, personal support workers, administrator, directors of care, pharmacist, advanced practice nurse, physiotherapist | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 4 | NR | NR | NR |
Verkaik et al. [53] | 2011 | Certified nursing assistants | 20 | NR | NR | Purposeful | 20/109 | 9 | NR | NR | NR |
Berta et al. [54] | 2010 | Senior clinical, administrator, direct care staff | 28 | NR | NR | Stratified purposeful | NR | 7 | NR | NR | NR |
McConigley et al. [55] | 2008 | Nurses, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, management staff, general practitioners | 53 | 44 (8.5) | 88% | Unclear | 65% | 5 | 60-245 residents | NR | NR |
Cheek et al. [56] | 2004 | Registered nurse, enrolled nurse, manager, direct care worker, pharmacist, general practitioner, physiotherapist, speech therapist | 33 | NR | NR | Purposeful | NR | 12 | NR | NR | NR |
Hilton et al. [57] | 2016 | Enrolled nurses | 51 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 1 | NR | NR | NR |
Lau et al. [58] | 2007 | physicians, registered nurses, nurses’ aides, pharmacists | 17 | NR | NR | Purposeful | 100% | 4 | NR | NR | NR |
Buss et al. [59] | 2004 | Enrolled nurses, team leaders, head nurses, staff nurses, and physicians | 18 | NR | NR | Purposeful | 100% | 5 | NR | NR | NR |
Van der Maaden et al. [60] | 2017 | Physicians | 14 interviews, 25 survey | Interviews: 47 years; survey: 21 years | 71.4% interviews, 84% survey | Purposeful | NR | 16 | Mean 106 residents (range 30–189) | NR | NR |
Kong et al. [61] | 2020 | Nurses, nursing assistants, care workers | 24 | 40–69 years | 100% | Convenience | 54.5% | 6 | Medium or large (61–296) | Urban | 4 private, 2 public |
Jeong et al. [62] | 2020 | Managers, registered nurses, health assistants | 10 | NR | 100% | Convenience | NR | 2 | NR | NR | NR |
Eldh et al. [63] | 2020 | LTC staff | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 24 | NR | NR | NR |
Cossette et al. [64] | 2019 | Nurses, manager, staff | 10 | NR | NR | Purposive | NR | 5 | NR | NR | NR |
Surr et al. [65] | 2020 | Managers, mappers, other members of staff | 67 | NR | NR | Purposive | NR | 18 | Mix of medium and large | Mix of urban and rural | NR |
Desveaux et al. [66] | 2019 | Administrative leaders, physicians, pharmacists, and direct care providers | 29 | NR | 75.9% | Purposive | NR | 13 | NR | NR | NR |
Walker [67] | 2019 | Key contact person from each facility—site manager, deputy manager, director or deputy director of nursing | NR | NR | NR | Convenience | NR | 41 | NR | NR | NR |