Table 1 Study characteristics (n = 144)

  Cross-sectional survey

72

[40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111]

  Mixed-methods

27

[112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138]

  Case study

12

[139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150]

  Pre-post study

8

[151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158]

  Ethnography

6

[159,160,161,162,163,164]

  Cohort study

4

[165,166,167,168]

  Pilot-test

8

[169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176]

  Longitudinal survey

2

[177, 178]

  Quasi-experimental

1

[179]

  Randomised controlled trial

2

[180, 181]

  Retrospective medical record and document analysis

2

[182, 183]

  Africa

42

[41,42,43, 45, 47, 49,50,51,52,53, 56, 60, 79, 82, 92, 103, 111, 115,116,117,118, 121, 122, 132, 139,140,141,142, 148, 151, 152, 159, 160, 169, 170, 173, 174, 176,177,178, 181, 182]

  Europe

36

[58, 61, 66, 69, 72, 76, 81, 83, 85, 87, 88, 91, 97, 98, 100,101,102, 104, 105, 128, 129, 131, 134,135,136,137,138, 145, 146, 150, 153, 158, 162, 163, 167, 171]

  Australia and/or New Zealand

26

[54, 62, 67, 70, 73, 77, 78, 80, 84, 86, 89, 90, 94, 95, 108,109,110, 120, 123, 125, 126, 143, 144, 154, 157, 175]

  United States and/or Canada

14

[68, 71, 74, 96, 99, 107, 119, 130, 147, 149, 156, 172, 179, 183]

  Asia

13

[46, 48, 55, 63, 93, 113, 133, 155, 161, 165, 166, 168, 180]

  Multiple continents

7

[40, 75, 106, 112, 114, 127, 184]

  South and Central America

6

[44, 57, 59, 64, 65, 164]

  High

83

[54, 58, 61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78, 80, 81, 83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91, 94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102, 104,105,106,107,108,109,110, 119, 120, 123, 125, 126, 128,129,130,131, 134,135,136,137,138, 143,144,145,146,147, 149, 150, 153, 154, 156,157,158, 162, 163, 167, 168, 171, 172, 175, 179, 183, 184]

  Lower-middle

24

[42, 43, 48,49,50, 53, 79, 82, 93, 111, 113, 115, 117, 118, 132, 139, 140, 142, 151, 170, 174, 177, 178, 180, 182]

  Upper-middle

17

[44, 55,56,57, 59, 60, 92, 103, 121, 122, 133, 152, 155, 164, 166, 173, 176]

  Low

16

[41, 45,46,47, 51, 52, 114, 116, 141, 148, 159,160,161, 165, 169]

  Multiple nations with a high-, low- and middle-income classification

2

[40, 112]

  Multiple nations with a low- and lower-middle-income classification

2

[127, 181]

  Maternity care clinicians and/or pregnant women

129

[40, 41, 43, 45,46,47,48, 50, 51, 53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72, 74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101, 104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112, 114,115,116,117, 119,120,121,122,123, 125,126,127,128,129,130,131, 133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140, 143,144,145,146, 148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170, 172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179, 181, 182, 184]

  Parents, health administrators, policymakers, project staff, maternity care clinicians, community outreach workers, and/or community members

10

[42, 44, 52, 73, 103, 113, 118, 132, 147, 171, 180]

  Policymakers

3

[49, 141, 142]

  Nil—secondary data sourced from case-notes, patient records, and/or guidelines

2

[102, 183]

  Hospital wards

107

[40, 42, 44,45,46, 48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60, 62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71, 74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86, 88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95, 98,99,100, 102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109, 112, 114, 115, 117, 120, 122, 125, 128,129,130, 132,133,134, 138, 140, 144,145,146,147, 149, 151, 152, 154, 155, 157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164, 166,167,168,169,170, 172,173,174,175,176,177, 181,182,183,184]

  Community and hospital

24

[41, 47, 61, 87, 97, 101, 110, 116, 118, 123, 126, 127, 131, 137, 139, 141,142,143, 153, 165, 171, 178,179,180]

  Community

12

[43, 72, 73, 96, 111, 113, 119, 121, 136, 148, 150, 156]

  General practices

1

[135]

  Mixed-methods

53

[44, 45, 50, 51, 53, 65, 71, 72, 76, 92, 98, 112,113,114,115, 119,120,121, 123, 126, 127, 130,131,132,133,134,135, 143,144,145, 148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157, 159, 161,162,163,164,165, 167, 174, 177,178,179, 181, 184]

  Questionnaire or survey

35

[47, 54,55,56, 61, 63, 67,68,69, 75, 91, 93,94,95,96,97, 99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109, 111, 116, 136, 137, 158, 166, 168, 173]

  Interviews

31

[42, 43, 49, 52, 57, 59, 66, 74, 78, 80,81,82,83,84,85, 89, 90, 110, 117, 122, 128, 129, 138,139,140, 142, 146, 171, 172, 175, 176]

  Interviews and Focus groups

10

[41, 60, 62, 70, 73, 79, 86, 87, 118, 147]

  Focus groups

9

[46, 48, 58, 64, 77, 88, 125, 170, 180]

  Case study

4

[40, 141, 182, 183]

  Observation

2

[160, 169]

  Qualitative study

64

[43, 44, 46, 48, 49, 52, 56,57,58,59,60, 62, 66, 69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90, 117, 118, 122, 128,129,130, 139,140,141,142,143, 145,146,147,148, 156, 159,160,161,162,163,164, 166, 167, 170, 175, 176, 180, 183]

  Quantitative and qualitative study

25

[41, 42, 45, 50, 53, 61, 64, 65, 92, 94, 102, 110, 113, 115, 120, 123, 131, 132, 135, 137, 149, 150, 165, 168, 177]

  Quantitative study

20

[40, 47, 55, 63, 91, 93, 95,96,97, 99, 101, 103,104,105,106,107,108,109, 111, 152]

  Qualitative study

1

[112]

  Qualitative study

6

[119, 125, 126, 171, 172, 184]

  Quantitative and qualitative study

6

[116, 127, 153, 173, 178, 182]

  Quantitative study

1

[67]

  Quantitative and qualitative study

3

[54, 136, 138]

  Qualitative study

2

[68, 155]

  Quantitative and qualitative study

10

[98, 100, 121, 133, 134, 151, 157, 158, 169, 179]

  Qualitative study

5

[51, 114, 144, 154, 174]

  Quantitative study

1

[181]

  Methodological issues, including: small sample; recall bias; self-report reliance; and/or limited generalisability

107

[40, 41, 45,46,47,48,49, 52, 54,55,56,57, 59,60,61, 63,64,65,66, 68, 70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97, 99,100,101, 104, 106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113, 115, 119,120,121,122,123, 125, 126, 128, 130, 131, 133,134,135, 137, 139,140,141, 143, 145,146,147, 149,150,151,152,153,154,155, 157, 158, 160,161,162,163, 165, 167, 168, 170, 171, 173, 176, 178,179,180,181, 183]

  Nil noted

37

[42,43,44, 50, 51, 53, 58, 62, 67, 69, 98, 102, 103, 105, 114, 116,117,118, 127, 129, 132, 136, 138, 142, 144, 148, 156, 159, 164, 166, 169, 172, 174, 175, 177, 182, 184]