Fig. 2

CICI framework. The context and implementation of complex interventions (CICI) framework comprises the three dimensions context, implementation and setting. The context comprises the seven domains: geographical, epidemiological, socio-cultural, socio-economic, ethical, legal, political context. Implementation consists of implementation theory, implementation process, implementation strategies, implementation agents and implementation outcomes. In the setting, the intervention and its implementation interact with the context. The shading of the semicircles illustrates the micro, meso and macro levels, on which implementation, context and setting can occur. Apart from the intervention of interest, the context and the way the intervention of interest is implemented may be advanced or compromised by other interventions occurring independently but targeting the same setting and population