Table 3 Design and characteristics of controlled studies (N = 15)
Author (year), Country | Design study | Setting | Target group | Type of low value care | Primary outcome (s) | Posttest intervention group (%)a | Posttest Control group (%)a | Statistical analyses performed (Yes/No) | Positive significant effect (Yes/No) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Desveaux et al. (2017) [38]b | Cluster RCT | Nursing home | Nurses | Antipsychotic prescribing (APM) | The days dispensed APM in the previous week | 624/2947 (21.2%) | 898/4162 (21.6%) | Yes | No |
Evans et al. 1997, USA [39] | RCT | Nursing home | Gerontologic nurses | Restraint use | The prevalence of restraint use | 18/127 (14.2%) | 79/184 (42.9%) | Yes | Yes |
Fitzpatrick (1997), USA [40] | Controlled before after | Hospital | Critical care and intermediate nurse | Restraint use | The incidence of restraint use | 29/91 (31.9%) | 8/51 (15.7%) | Yes | No |
Gulpers et al. (2011), The Netherlands [41] | Controlled before after | Nursing home | Psychogeriatric nurses | Restraint use | The rate of residents with at least 1 physical restraint | 135/250 (54.0%) | 107/155 (69.0%) | Yes | Yes |
Gulpers et al. (2013), the Netherlands [42] | Controlled before after | Nursing home | Psychogeriatric nurses | Restraint use | The rate of residents with at least 1 physical restraint | 80/134 (59.7%) | 68/91 (74.7%) | Yes | Yes |
Huang et al. (2009) [43]c | Controlled before after | Hospital | Nurses | Restraint use | The reported Practice of Physical Restraint Use | 40.88 | 39.20 | Yes | Yes |
Huizing et al. (2009), The Netherlands [44] | Cluster RCT | Nursing home | Nurses and registered Nurses | Restraint use | The use of restraints per residents | 25/53 (47.2%) | 15/37 (40.5%) | Yes | No |
Huizing et al. (2009), The Netherlands [45] | Cluster RCT | Nursing home | Nurses | Restraint use | The use of restraints per residents | 81/126 (64.3%) | 69/115 (60.0%) | Yes | No |
Koczy et al. (2011), Germany [46] | Cluster RCT | Nursing home | Nurses | Restraint use | The complete cessation of restraint use | 173/208 (83.2%) | 114/125 (91.2%) | Yes | No |
Kopke et al. (2012), Germany [47] | RCT | Nursing home | Nurses | Restraint use | The percentage of residents with at least 1 physical restraint | 423/1868 (22.6%) | 525/1802 (29.1%) | Yes | Yes |
Kwok et al. (2005), China [48]b | RCT | Hospital | Geriatric nurses | Restraint use | The proportion of subjects ever restrained | N/A | N/A | Yes | No |
Lai et al. (2011), China [49] | Controlled before after | Hospital | Nurses | Restraint use | The prevalence of restraint use | 299/612 (48.9%) | 21/155 (13.5%) | Yes | No |
Pellfolk et al. (2010), Sweden [50] | Cluster RCT | Residential care facilities | Registered nurses, licensed practical nurses and nurse’s aides | Restraint use | The use of restraint use | 30/149 (20.1%) | 53/139 (38.1%) | Yes | Yes |
Testad et al. (2010), Norway [51]b | Cluster RCT | Nursing home | Nurses | Restraint use | The use of restraint use | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes |
Testad et al. (2016), Norway [52] | Cluster RCT | Nursing home | Nurses | Restraint use | The use of restraint use | 15/83 (18.1%) | 10/114 (8.8%) | Yes | Yes |