Table 2 Design and characteristics of uncontrolled studies (N = 12)
Author (year), Country | Design study | Setting | Target group | Type of low value care | Primary outcome (s) | Before | After | Difference/ statistical test results | Statistical analyses performed (Yes/No) | Positive significant effect (p ≤ 0.05) (Yes/No) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alexaitis et al. (2014), USA [27] | Uncontrolled Before-after | Hospital | ICU nurses | Catheter use | The average percentage of catheter utilization | 74.14% | 76.2% | 2.08% | Yes | No |
Amato et al. (2006), USA [28] | Uncontrolled Before-after | Hospital | Nurses | Restraint use | The percentage of restraint use (2 units) | – | – | − 29.2% stroke rehabilitation unit, -16,2% brain injury unit | No | / |
Andersen et al. (2017), Denmark [29] | Uncontrolled Before-after | Hospital | Nurses | Restraint use | The percentage of restraint use | – | – | − 38% | Yes | No |
Davis et al. (2008), USA [30] | Uncontrolled Before-after | Hospital | Nurse Practitioner | Antibiotic prescribing | The rate of antibiotic prescribing | – | – | F = 0.076 | Yes | No |
Eskandaria et al. (2018), Malaysia [31] | Uncontrolled before-after | Hospital | Nurses | Restraint use | The incidence rate of physical restraint use | 5.57% | 3.81% | − 1.76% | Yes | Yes |
Hevenver et al. (2016), USA [32] | Uncontrolled-before after | Hospital | ICU nurses | Restraint use | The incidence rate of restraint use | – | – | − 32% | Yes | Yes |
Link et al. (2016), USA [43] | Uncontrolled Before-after | Urgent care center | Nurse practitioner (NP) and Physician Assistant (PA) | Antibiotic prescribing | The rate of antibiotic prescribing | 91.7% | 29.8% | − 61.9% | Yes | Yes |
McCue et al. (2004), USA [34] | Uncontrolled before-after | Hospital | Psychiatric nurses | Restraint use | The number of restraints/1000 patient-days | 0.8% | 0.4% | − 0.4% | Yes | Yes |
Mitchell et al. (2018), USA [9] | Uncontrolled Before-after | Hospital | ICU nurses | Restraint use | The rate of restraint use | 61% | 31% | − 30% | No | / |
Sinitsky et al. (2017), UK [35] | Uncontrolled Before-after | Hospital | Pediatric intensive care nurses | Liver function tests (LFT) | Total number of LFTs per bed day | N/A | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes |
Thakker et al. (2018), Canada [36] | Uncontrolled Before-after | Hospital | Orthopaedic nurses | Catheter use | The average rate of indwelling catheter use | 55.2% | 19.8% | − 35.4% | No | / |
Weddle et al. (2016), USA [37] | Uncontrolled Before-after | Urgent care center | Nurse practitioner | Antibiotic prescribing | The rates of inappropriate antibiotic prescribing per month | 9% | 6% | − 3% | Yes | Yes |