From: Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting
Prerequisite | Requirements | Resource(s) & example(s) |
---|---|---|
1) Name it | Name the strategy, preferably using language that is consistent with existing literature. | Cochrane EPOC[25] |
Mazza et al.[24] | ||
Powell et al.[20] | ||
2) Define it | Define the implementation strategy and any discrete components operationally | Abraham & Michie[38] |
Powell et al.[20] | ||
Michie et al.[26] | ||
3) Specify it | Â | Â |
a) The actor | Identify who enacts the strategy (e.g., administrators, payers, providers, patients/consumers, advocates, etc.). | Kauth et al.[39] describe the characteristics, qualifications, and roles of an external facilitator |
b) The action | Use active verb statements to specify the specific actions, steps, or processes that need to be enacted. | Rapp et al.’s[40] operational definition of ‘leadership’ |
c) Action target | Specify targets according to conceptual models of implementation | Tabak et al.[41] |
Damschroder et al.[42] | ||
Identify unit of analysis for measuring implementation outcomes | ||
Flottorp et al.[43] | ||
Cane et al.[44] | ||
Michie et al.[45] | ||
Landsverk et al.[46] | ||
Proctor et al.[47] | ||
d) Temporality | Specify when the strategy is used | Magnabosco[21] |
Chinman et al.[31] | ||
Kilbourne et al.[33] | ||
e) Dose | Specify dosage of implementation strategy | Atkins et al.[48] recorded frequency of support received by opinion leaders |
f) Implementation outcome affected | Identify and measure the implementation outcome(s) likely to be affected by each strategy | Proctor et al.[47] |
Proctor & Brownson[49] | ||
Proctor et al.[50] | ||
g) Justification | Provide empirical, theoretical, or pragmatic justification for the choice of implementation strategies. | Theoretical: |
Eccles et al.[51] | ||
Grol et al.[52] | ||
Empirical: | ||
Cochrane EPOC[53] | ||
Grimshaw et al.[8] | ||
Pragmatic: | ||
Oxman et al.[54] | ||
 |  | Wensing et al.[55] suggest brainstorming as a low-cost, low intensity method of linking strategies to identified barriers |