Table 3 Summary of case site samples
SOURCES OF DATA | ROLE MODEL SITE N/TYPE PARTICIPANT | BEGINNER SITE N/TYPE PARTICIPANT |
|---|---|---|
FOCUS GROUPS: on three units per case | Focus Group interviews = 9 | Focus Group interviews = 5 |
• General med/surg unit; specialty unit; and a critical care unit. | Total staff nurse participants, multiple shifts = 27 | Total staff nurse participants, multiple shifts = 14 |
• All staff, per unit, invited to one of several sessions. |  |  |
LEADERSHIP INTERVIEWS: | Total leadership interviews = 30 | Total leadership interviews = 29 |
• Primarily formal leaders within nursing but also physicians, allied health and non-nursing top leaders. | Number of individual leaders = 26 | Number of individual leaders = 28 |
• Informal leaders, primarily nursing | • FORMAL: 14 | • FORMAL: 14 |
|  |    - Top organizational leaders, e.g., chief nurse; her 'supervisor'; and chief MD |    - Top organizational leaders, e.g., chief nurse; her 'supervisor'; and chief MD |
|  |    - Nursing clinical directors and nurse managers; and non-nurse clinical director and non-nurse manager, e.g., allied health |    - Nursing clinical directors and nurse managers; and non-nurse clinical director and program leader, e.g., allied health |
|  |    - Nursing support or clinical resource services manager and non-nurse support service director |    - Nursing support or clinical resource services manager and non-nurse support service director |
|  |    - Some also chairs of EBP-related committees/groups |    - Some also chairs of EBP-related committees/groups |
|  | • INFORMAL: 12 | • INFORMAL: 14 |
|  |    - Nursing support or clinical resource staff, such as researchers, APNs, or other various specialists relevant to EBP |    - Nursing support or clinical resource staff, such as researcher or APN |
|  | • Special staff nurse roles relevant to EBP on non-embedded units such as champion/facilitators or data/outcome specialists; some were also charge nurses |    - Other various specialists relevant to EBP either within or outside of nursing, such as condition-specific educator or data/outcome specialists |
|  |  | • Staff nurses involved in a special project or governance-related group; and an expert nurse |
GROUP OBSERVATIONS | Groups = 5; Total participants = 74 | Groups = 3; Total participants = 16 |
|  | • Policy/procedure-related and inter-disciplinary | • Policy/procedure and inter-disciplinary |
|  | • Interdisciplinary clinical group | • Special QI group |
|  | • Two special EBP groups, one interdisciplinary | • Nursing leadership group |
|  | • Shared governance (PI invited) |  |
EBP-RELATED DOCUMENTS | • A multiplicity related to infrastructures, including, e.g., | • Some related to infrastructures, including, e.g., |
|  |    - Philosophy and mission |    - Philosophy |
|  |    - More than a dozen on role descriptions and appraisal; clear focus in career ladder program |    - A few nursing role descriptions; roles in QI department; included in career ladder program |
|  |    - Materials and minutes from multiple committees and interest groups heavily focused or specifically focused on EBP, some present for over five years |    - A research group with materials, minutes and reference to EBP; QI groups, some clearly evidence-focused |
|  |    - Descriptions of governance groups, with EBP included in the expectations or activities of the majority |    - Descriptions of governance groups, with EBP or data included in the expectations or activities of most |
|  |    - Educational and orientation materials, including EBP-related tools, presentations, skill sets |    - Journal club material, PowerPoint presentation, and orientation description (e.g., re: library services) |
|  |    - Policy/procedure algorithm, researcher audit of related EBP status, and multiple Ps seen linked to evidence; clinical forms for documentation said to be E-B |    - Policy/procedure algorithm, and Ps seen being linked to evidence; clinical documentation forms said to be E-B |
|  | • Dozens related to EBP project activity and related dissemination efforts, internal and external: | • List of nursing research activity, including students and outside researchers; a PP hospital-based multidisciplinary project; a few single page PI outline for a improvement activities |
|  |    - Proposals for the human subjects committee decision |  |
|  |    - PowerPoint (PP) presentations on EBP process and projects |  |
|  |    - EBP-related project reports, program evaluations, and an EBP newsletter |  |
|  |    - Publications, including multi-disciplinary ones; and evidence of co-operative networking |  |
SURVEY* FOR STAFF NURSES ON THREE EMBEDDED UNITS, with a focus on their unit or self | Respondents = 39 | Respondents = 21 |
| Â | Response rate = 34% | Response rate = 20% |
SURVEY* FOR ALL IDENTIFIED MEMBERS OF THE LEADERSHIP TEAM, with a focus on the department | Respondents = 104 | Respondents = 65 |
| Â | Response rate = 56% | Response rate = 50% |