Table 1 A summary of the 73 implementation strategies, organized by cluster with mean importance and feasibility ratings

Use evaluative and iterative strategies

–

4

 Assess for readiness and identify barriers and facilitators

I

5

 Audit and provide feedback

I

56

 Purposefully reexamine the implementation

I

26

 Develop and implement tools for quality monitoring

I

27

 Develop and organize quality monitoring systems

I

23

 Develop a formal implementation blueprint

I

18

 Conduct local need assessment

I

61

 Stage implementation scale up

I

46

 Obtain and use patients/consumers and family feedback

I

14

 Conduct cyclical small tests of change

I

Provide interactive assistance

–

33

 Facilitation

I

54

 Provide local technical assistance

IV

53

 Provide clinical supervision

IV

8

 Centralize technical assistance

III

Adapt and tailor to context

–

63

 Tailor strategies

I

51

 Promote adaptability

I

67

 Use data experts

III

68

 Use data warehousing techniques

III

Develop stakeholder interrelationships

–

35

 Identify and prepare champions

I

48

 Organize clinician implementation team meetings

I

57

 Recruit, designate, and train for leadership

IV

38

 Inform local opinion leaders

I

6

 Build a coalition

I

47

 Obtain formal commitments

IV

36

 Identify early adopters

I

17

 Conduct local consensus discussions

I

7

 Capture and share local knowledge

I

64

 Use advisory boards and workgroups

I

65

 Use an implementation advisor

I

45

 Model and simulate change

II

72

 Visit other sites

II

40

 Involve executive boards

II

25

 Develop an implementation glossary

II

24

 Develop academic partnerships

II

52

 Promote network weaving

III

Train and educate stakeholders

–

19

 Conduct ongoing training

I

55

 Provide ongoing consultation

I

29

 Develop educational materials

I

43

 Make training dynamic

I

31

 Distribute educational materials

I

71

 Use train-the-trainer strategies

I

15

 Conduct educational meetings

I

16

 Conduct educational outreach visits

II

20

 Create a learning collaborative

II

60

 Shadow other experts

II

73

 Work with educational institutions

II

Support clinicians

–

32

 Facilitate relay of clinical data to providers

I

58

 Remind clinicians

II

30

 Develop resource sharing agreements

III

59

 Revise professional roles

III

21

 Create new clinical teams

III

Engage consumers

–

41

 Involve patients/consumers and family members

I

39

 Intervene with patients/consumers to enhance uptake and adherence

IV

50

 Prepare patients/consumers to be active participants

IV

37

 Increase demand

II

69

 Use mass media

III

Utilize financial strategies

–

34

 Fund and contract for the clinical innovation

IV

1

 Access new funding

IV

49

 Place innovation on fee for service lists/formularies

IV

2

 Alter incentive/allowance structures

III

42

 Make billing easier

III

3

 Alter patient/consumer fees

III

70

 Use other payment schemes

III

28

 Develop disincentives

III

66

 Use capitated payments

III

Change infrastructure

–

44

 Mandate change

III

12

 Change record systems

III

11

 Change physical structure and equipment

III

22

 Create or change credentialing and/or licensure standards

III

13

 Change service sites

III

9

 Change accreditation or membership requirements

III

62

 Start a dissemination organization

III

10

 Change liability laws

III